GCC使用指南

使用语法：

    gcc [ option | filename ]...

    g++ [ option | filename ]...

    其中 option  为 gcc 使用时的选项(后面会再详述)，

     而 filename 为欲以 gcc 处理的文件

说明：

   这 C 与 C++ 的 compiler 已将产生新程序的相关程序整合起来。产

   生一个新的程序需要经过四个阶段：预处理、编译、汇编,连结，

   而这两个编译器都能将输入的文件做不同阶段的处理。虽然原始程序

   的扩展名可用来分辨编写原始程序码所用的语言，但不同的 compiler

   ，其预设的处理程序却各不相同：

    gcc  预设经由预处理过(扩展名为.i)的文件为 C 语言，并於程

       式连结阶段以 C 的连结方式处理。

    g++  预设经由预处理过(扩展名为.i)的文件为 C++ 语言，并於程

序连结阶段以 C++ 的连结方式处理。

    原始程序码的扩展名指出所用编写程序所用的语言，以及相对应的处

    理方法：

    .c  C 原始程序           ；  预处理、编译、汇编

    .C  C++ 原始程序          ；  预处理、编译、汇编

    .cc  C++ 原始程序          ；  预处理、编译、汇编

    .cxx C++ 原始程序          ；  预处理、编译、汇编

    .m  Objective-C 原始程序      ；  预处理、编译、汇编

    .i  已经过预处理之 C 原始程序  ；  编译、汇编

    .ii  已经过预处理之 C++ 原始程序 ；  编译、汇编

    .s  组合语言原始程序        ；  汇编

    .S  组合语言原始程序        ；  预处理、汇编

    .h  预处理文件(标头文件)      ；  (不常出现在指令行)

    其他扩展名的文件是由连结程序来处理，通常有：

    .o  Object file

    .a  Archive file

    除非编译过程出现错误，否则 "连结" 一定是产生一个新程序的最

    後阶段。然而你也可以以 -c、-s 或 -E 等选项，将整个过程自四

    个阶段中的其中一个停止。在连结阶段，所有与原始码相对应的

    .o 文件、程序库、和其他无法自文件名辨明属性的文件(包括不以 .o

    为扩展名的 object file 以及扩展名为 .a 的 archive file)都会

    交由连结程序来处理(在指令行将那些文件当作连结程序的参数传给

    连结程序)。

选项：

    不同的选项必须分开来下：例如 `-dr' 这个选项就与 `-d -r' 大

    不相同。

    绝大部份的 `-f' 及 `-W' 选项都有正反两种形式：-fname 及

    -fno-name (或 -Wname 及 -Wno-name)。以下只列出非预设的那个

    形式。

    以下是所有选项的摘要。以形式来分类。选项的意义将另辟小节说

    明。

    一般性(概略、常用的)选项

       -c -S -E -o file -pipe -v -x language

    程序语言选项

       -ansi -fall-virtual -fcond-mismatch

       -fdollars-in-identifiers -fenum-int-equiv

       -fexternal-templates -fno-asm -fno-builtin

       -fno-strict-prototype -fsigned-bitfields

       -fsigned-char -fthis-is-variable

       -funsigned-bitfields -funsigned-char

       -fwritable-strings -traditional -traditional-cpp

       -trigraphs

    编译时的警告选项

       -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors -w -W

       -Wall -Waggregate-return -Wcast-align -Wcast-qual

       -Wchar-subscript -Wcomment -Wconversion

       -Wenum-clash -Werror -Wformat -Wid-clash-len

       -Wimplicit -Winline -Wmissing-prototypes

       -Wmissing-declarations -Wnested-externs -Wno-import

       -Wparentheses -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls

       -Wreturn-type -Wshadow -Wstrict-prototypes -Wswitch

       -Wtemplate-debugging -Wtraditional -Wtrigraphs

       -Wuninitialized -Wunused -Wwrite-strings

    除错选项

       -a -dletters -fpretend-float -g -glevel -gcoff

       -gxcoff -gxcoff+ -gdwarf -gdwarf+ -gstabs -gstabs+

       -ggdb -p -pg -save-temps -print-file-name=library

       -print-libgcc-file-name -print-prog-name=program

    最佳化选项

       -fcaller-saves -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks

       -fdelayed-branch -felide-constructors

       -fexpensive-optimizations -ffast-math -ffloat-store

       -fforce-addr -fforce-mem -finline-functions

       -fkeep-inline-functions -fmemoize-lookups

       -fno-default-inline -fno-defer-pop

       -fno-function-cse -fno-inline -fno-peephole

       -fomit-frame-pointer -frerun-cse-after-loop

       -fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2

       -fstrength-reduce -fthread-jumps -funroll-all-loops

       -funroll-loops -O -O2

    预处理选项

       -Aassertion -C -dD -dM -dN -Dmacro[=defn] -E -H

       -idirafter dir -include file -imacros file -iprefix

       file -iwithprefix dir -M -MD -MM -MMD -nostdinc -P

       -Umacro -undef

    汇编程序选项

       -Wa,option

    连结程序选项

       -llibrary -nostartfiles -nostdlib -static -shared

       -symbolic -Xlinker option -Wl,option -u symbol

    目录选项

       -Bprefix -Idir -I- -Ldir

    Target Options

       -b machine -V version

    与机器(平台)相关的选项

       M680x0 Options

       -m68000 -m68020 -m68020-40 -m68030 -m68040 -m68881

       -mbitfield -mc68000 -mc68020 -mfpa -mnobitfield

       -mrtd -mshort -msoft-float

       VAX Options

       -mg -mgnu -munix

       SPARC Options

       -mepilogue -mfpu -mhard-float -mno-fpu

       -mno-epilogue -msoft-float -msparclite -mv8

       -msupersparc -mcypress

       Convex Options

       -margcount -mc1 -mc2 -mnoargcount

       AMD29K Options

       -m29000 -m29050 -mbw -mdw -mkernel-registers

       -mlarge -mnbw -mnodw -msmall -mstack-check

       -muser-registers

       M88K Options

       -m88000 -m88100 -m88110 -mbig-pic

       -mcheck-zero-division -mhandle-large-shift

       -midentify-revision -mno-check-zero-division

       -mno-ocs-debug-info -mno-ocs-frame-position

       -mno-optimize-arg-area -mno-serialize-volatile

       -mno-underscores -mocs-debug-info

       -mocs-frame-position -moptimize-arg-area

       -mserialize-volatile -mshort-data-num -msvr3 -msvr4

       -mtrap-large-shift -muse-div-instruction

       -mversion-03.00 -mwarn-passed-structs

       RS6000 Options

       -mfp-in-toc -mno-fop-in-toc

       RT Options

       -mcall-lib-mul -mfp-arg-in-fpregs -mfp-arg-in-gregs

       -mfull-fp-blocks -mhc-struct-return -min-line-mul

       -mminimum-fp-blocks -mnohc-struct-return

       MIPS Options

       -mcpu=cpu type -mips2 -mips3 -mint64 -mlong64

       -mlonglong128 -mmips-as -mgas -mrnames -mno-rnames

       -mgpopt -mno-gpopt -mstats -mno-stats -mmemcpy

       -mno-memcpy -mno-mips-tfile -mmips-tfile

       -msoft-float -mhard-float -mabicalls -mno-abicalls

       -mhalf-pic -mno-half-pic -G num -nocpp

       i386 Options

       -m486 -mno-486 -msoft-float -mno-fp-ret-in-387

       HPPA Options

       -mpa-risc-1-0 -mpa-risc-1-1 -mkernel -mshared-libs

       -mno-shared-libs -mlong-calls -mdisable-fpregs

       -mdisable-indexing -mtrailing-colon

       i960 Options

       -mcpu-type -mnumerics -msoft-float

       -mleaf-procedures -mno-leaf-procedures -mtail-call

       -mno-tail-call -mcomplex-addr -mno-complex-addr

       -mcode-align -mno-code-align -mic-compat

       -mic2.0-compat -mic3.0-compat -masm-compat

       -mintel-asm -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align

       -mold-align -mno-old-align

       DEC Alpha Options

       -mfp-regs -mno-fp-regs -mno-soft-float -msoft-float

       System V Options

       -G -Qy -Qn -YP,paths -Ym,dir

    Code Generation Options

       -fcall-saved-reg -fcall-used-reg -ffixed-reg

       -finhibit-size-directive -fnonnull-objects

       -fno-common -fno-ident -fno-gnu-linker

       -fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC

       -freg-struct-returno -fshared-data -fshort-enums

       -fshort-double -fvolatile -fvolatile-global

       -fverbose-asm

PRAGMAS

    Two `#pragma' directives are supported for GNU C++, to

    permit using the same header file for two purposes: as a

    definition of interfaces to a given object class, and as

    the full definition of the contents of that object class.

    #pragma interface

       (C++ only.)  Use this directive in header files

       that define object classes, to save space in most

       of the object files that use those classes. Nor-

       mally, local copies of certain information (backup

       copies of inline member functions, debugging infor-

       mation, and the internal tables that implement vir-

       tual functions) must be kept in each object file

       that includes class definitions. You can use this

       pragma to avoid such duplication. When a header

       file containing `#pragma interface' is included in

       a compilation, this auxiliary information will not

       be generated (unless the main input source file it-

       self uses `#pragma implementation'). Instead, the

       object files will contain references to be resolved

       at link time.

    #pragma implementation

    #pragma implementation "objects.h"

       (C++ only.) Use this pragma in a main input file,

       when you want full output from included header

       files to be generated (and made globally visible).

       The included header file, in turn, should use

       `#pragma interface'. Backup copies of inline mem-

       ber functions, debugging information, and the in-

       ternal tables used to implement virtual functions

       are all generated in implementation files.

       If you use `#pragma implementation' with no argu-

       ment, it applies to an include file with the same

       basename as your source file; for example, in

       `allclass.cc', `#pragma implementation' by itself

       is  equivalent  to  `#pragma  implementation

       "allclass.h"'. Use the string argument if you want

       a single implementation file to include code from

       multiple header files.

       There is no way to split up the contents of a sin-

       gle header file into multiple implementation files.

文件说明

    file.c       C source file

    file.h       C header (preprocessor) file

    file.i       经预处理过的 C source file

    file.C       C++ source file

    file.cc      C++ source file

    file.cxx      C++ source file

    file.m       Objective-C source file

    file.s       assembly language file

    file.o       object file

    a.out       link edited output

    TMPDIR/cc*     temporary files

    LIBDIR/cpp     preprocessor

    LIBDIR/cc1     compiler for C

    LIBDIR/cc1plus   compiler for C++

    LIBDIR/collect   linker front end needed on some machines

    LIBDIR/libgcc.a  GCC subroutine library

    /lib/crt[01n].o  start-up routine

    LIBDIR/ccrt0    additional start-up routine for C++

    /lib/libc.a    standard C library, 参阅 man page intro(3)

    /usr/include    standard directory for #include files

    LIBDIR/include   standard gcc directory for #include files

    LIBDIR/g++-include additional g++ directory for #include

    LIBDIR is usually /usr/local/lib/machine/version.

    TMPDIR comes from the environment variable TMPDIR (default

    /usr/tmp if available, else /tmp).