梁颖健 liangyingjian@21cn.com
Http客户端程序已集成在Java语言中,可以通过URLConnection类调用。遗憾的 是,由于SUN没有公布Http客户程序的源码,它实现的细节仍是一个谜。本文根据HTTP 协议规范,用Java.net.Socket类实现一个HTTP协议客户端程序。
1.Socket类: 了解TCP/IP协议集通信的读者知道,协议间的通信是通过Socket完成的。在 Java.net包中,Socket类就是对Socket的具体实现。它通过连接到主机后,返回一个 I/O流,实现协议间的信息交换。
2 . HTTP协议 HTTP协议同其它TCP/IP协议集中的协议一样,是遵循客户/服务器模型工作的。客 户端发往服务端的信息格式如下: ------------------------------ 请求方法 URL HTTP协议的版本号 提交的元信息 **空行** 实体 ------------------------------ 请求方法是对这次连接工作的说明,目前HTTP协议已经发展到1.1版,它包括GET、 HEAD、POST、DELETE、OPTIONS、TRACE、PUT七种。元信息是关于当前请求的信息。通 过分析元信息,可以检查实体数据是否完整,接收过程是否出错,类型是否匹配等。元 信息的引入使HTTP协议通信更加稳妥可靠。实体是请求的具体内容。 将上述报文发往Web服务器,如果成功,应答格式如下: -------------------------------- HTTP协议的版本号 应答状态码 应答状态码说明 接收的元信息 **空行** 实体 -------------------------------- 以上报文发向客户端,并且接收成功,彼此间关闭连接,完成一次握手。 下面用最常用的GET方法,来说明具体的报文应用 ---------------------------------- GET http://www.youhost.com HTTP/1.0 accept: www/source; text/html; image/gif; image/jpeg; */* User_Agent: myAgent **空行** ----------------------------------- 这个报文是向www.youhost.com主机请求一个缺省HTML文档。客户端HTTP协议版本 号是1.0版,元信息包括可接收的文件格式,用户代理,每一段之间用回车换行符分 隔,最后以一个空行结束。发向服务器后,如果执行过程正常,服务器返回以下代码: ------------------------------------ HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Tue, 14 Sep 1999 02:19:57 GMT Server: Apache/1.2.6 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html **空行** <html><head>...</head><body>...</body></html> ------------------------------------ HTTP/1.1表示这个HTTP服务器是1.1版,200是服务器对客户请求的应答状态码,OK 是对应答状态码的解释,之后是这个文档的元信息和文档正文。(相关应答状态码和元 信息的解释请参阅Inetrnet标准草案:RFC2616)。
3. HTTP客户端程序:
import java.net.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.Properties; import java.util.Enumeration; public class Http { protected Socket client; protected BufferedOutputStream sender; protected BufferedInputStream receiver; protected ByteArrayInputStream byteStream; protected URL target; private int responseCode=-1; private String responseMessage=""; private String serverVersion=""; private Properties header = new Properties(); public Http() { } public Http(String url) { GET(url) ; } /* GET方法根据URL,会请求文件、数据库查询结果、程序运行结果等多种内容 */ public void GET(String url) { try { checkHTTP(url); openServer(target.getHost(),target.getPort() ); String cmd = "GET "+ getURLFormat(target) +" HTTP/1.0 " + getBaseHeads()+" "; sendMessage(cmd); receiveMessage(); }catch(ProtocolException p) { p.printStackTrace(); return; }catch(UnknownHostException e) { e.printStackTrace(); return; }catch(IOException i)
i.printStackTrace(); return; } }
/* * HEAD方法只请求URL的元信息,不包括URL本身。若怀疑本机和服务器上的 * 文件相同,用这个方法检查最快捷有效。 */ public void HEAD(String url) { try { checkHTTP(url); openServer(target.getHost(),target.getPort() ); String cmd = "HEAD "+getURLFormat(target)+" HTTP/1.0 " +getBaseHeads()+" "; sendMessage(cmd); receiveMessage(); }catch(ProtocolException p) { p.printStackTrace(); return; }catch(UnknownHostException e) { e.printStackTrace(); return; }catch(IOException i)
i.printStackTrace(); return; } } /* * POST方法是向服务器传送数据,以便服务器做出相应的处理。例如网页上常用的 * 提交表格。 */ public void POST(String url,String content) { try { checkHTTP(url); openServer(target.getHost(),target.getPort() ); String cmd = "POST "+ getURLFormat(target) +" HTTP/1.0 "+getBaseHeads(); cmd += "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded "; cmd += "Content-length: " + content.length() + " "; cmd += content+" "; sendMessage(cmd); receiveMessage(); }catch(ProtocolException p) { p.printStackTrace(); return; }catch(UnknownHostException e) { e.printStackTrace(); return; }catch(IOException i)
i.printStackTrace(); return; }
} protected void checkHTTP(String url) throws ProtocolException { try { URL target = new URL(url); if(target==null || !target.getProtocol().toUpperCase().equals("HTTP") ) throw new ProtocolException("这不是HTTP协议"); this.target = target; }catch(MalformedURLException m) { throw new ProtocolException("协议格式错误"); } } /* * 与Web服务器连接。若找不到Web服务器,InetAddress会引发UnknownHostException * 异常。若Socket连接失败,会引发IOException异常。 */ protected void openServer(String host,int port) throws UnknownHostException,IOException { header.clear(); responseMessage=""; responseCode=-1; try { if(client!=null) closeServer(); if(byteStream != null) { byteStream.close(); byteStream=null; } InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName(host); client = new Socket(address,port==-1?80:port); sender = new BufferedOutputStream(client.getOutputStream()); receiver = new BufferedInputStream(client.getInputStream()); }catch(UnknownHostException u) { throw u; }catch(IOException i) { throw i; } } /* 关闭与Web服务器的连接 */ protected void closeServer() throws IOException { if(client==null) return; try { client.close(); sender.close(); receiver.close(); }catch(IOException i) { throw i; } client=null; sender=null; receiver=null; } protected String getURLFormat(URL target) { String spec = "http://"+target.getHost(); if(target.getPort()!=-1) spec+=":"+target.getPort(); return spec+=target.getFile(); }
/* 向Web服务器传送数据 */ protected void sendMessage(String data) throws IOException{ sender.write(data.getBytes(),0,data.length()); sender.flush(); } /* 接收来自Web服务器的数据 */ protected void receiveMessage() throws IOException{ byte data[] = new byte[1024]; int count=0; int word=-1; // 解析第一行 while( (word=receiver.read())!=-1 ) { if(word==' '||word==' ') { word=receiver.read(); if(word==' ') word=receiver.read(); break; } if(count == data.length) data = addCapacity(data); data[count++]=(byte)word; } String message = new String(data,0,count); int mark = message.indexOf(32); serverVersion = message.substring(0,mark); while( mark<message.length() && message.charAt(mark+1)==32 ) mark++; responseCode = Integer.parseInt(message.substring(mark+1,mark+=4)); responseMessage = message.substring(mark,message.length()).trim();
// 应答状态码和处理请读者添加 switch(responseCode) { case 400: throw new IOException("错误请求"); case 404: throw new FileNotFoundException( getURLFormat(target) ); case 503: throw new IOException("服务器不可用" ); } if(word==-1) throw new ProtocolException("信息接收异常终止"); int symbol=-1; count=0; // 解析元信息 while( word!=' ' && word!=' ' && word>-1) { if(word==' ') word=32; if(count==data.length) data = addCapacity(data); data[count++] = (byte)word; parseLine: { while( (symbol=receiver.read()) >-1 ) { switch(symbol) { case ' ': symbol=32; break; case ' ': case ' ': word = receiver.read(); if( symbol==' ' && word==' ') { word=receiver.read(); if(word==' ') word=receiver.read(); } if( word==' ' || word==' ' || word>32) break parseLine; symbol=32; break; } if(count==data.length) data = addCapacity(data); data[count++] = (byte)symbol; } word=-1; } message = new String(data,0,count); mark = message.indexOf(':'); String key = null; if(mark>0) key = message.substring(0,mark); mark++; while( mark<message.length() && message.charAt(mark)<=32 ) mark++; String value = message.substring(mark,message.length() ); header.put(key,value); count=0; } // 获得正文数据 while( (word=receiver.read())!=-1) { if(count == data.length) data = addCapacity(data); data[count++] = (byte)word; } if(count>0) byteStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(data,0,count); data=null; closeServer(); } public String getResponseMessage() { return responseMessage; } public int getResponseCode() { return responseCode; } public String getServerVersion() { return serverVersion; } public InputStream getInputStream() { return byteStream; } public synchronized String getHeaderKey(int i) { if(i>=header.size()) return null; Enumeration enum = header.propertyNames(); String key = null; for(int j=0; j<=i; j++) key = (String)enum.nextElement(); return key; } public synchronized String getHeaderValue(int i) { if(i>=header.size()) return null; return header.getProperty(getHeaderKey(i)); } public synchronized String getHeaderValue(String key) { return header.getProperty(key); } protected String getBaseHeads() { String inf = "User-Agent: myselfHttp/1.0 "+ "Accept: www/source; text/html; image/gif; */* "; return inf; } private byte[] addCapacity(byte rece[]){ byte temp[] = new byte[rece.length+1024]; System.arraycopy(rece,0,temp,0,rece.length); return temp; } }
注: 程序中只实现GET、HEAD、POST三种方法。其他几种因不常使用,暂且忽略。 |