2.3 设置显示模式 设置显示模式是使用SetDispalyMode函数实现的,函数的定义如下: object.SetDisplayMode( _ w As Long, _ h As Long, _ bpp As Long, _ ref As Long, _ mode As CONST_DDSDMFLAGS 其中参数w、h分别指定屏幕的宽度和高度,bpp指定屏幕显示的颜色位数,参数ref指定屏幕的刷新频率,设置为0使用显示驱动的缺省刷新频率,mode指定附加的参数。要获得系统支持的显示模式,可以使用DirectDraw对象的GetDisplayModesEnum函数来遍历所有支持的显示模式。 2.4 建立平面对象 一个平面或者说DirectDrawSurface对象是DirectDraw中图形显示和绘制对象。用户可以在DirectDrawSurface上贴位图、绘制图形,还可以直接操作DirectDrawSurface对象使用显存里的内容。利用DirectDraw对象的CreateSurface方法可以建立一个DirectDrawSurface7对象。例如: Public DDSFrontDesc As DDSURFACEDESC2 With DDSFrontDesc .lFlags = DDSD_CAPS .ddsCaps.lCaps=DDSCAPS_PRIMARYSURFACE ' End With Set DDSFront = DDraw.CreateSurface(DDSFrontDesc) 也可以利用DirectDraw对象的CreateSurfaceFromFile函数或者CreateSurfaceFromResource函数建立一个DirectDrawSurface7对象,同时将图像文件或者资源文件中的图像装入建立的DirectDrawSurface中。如果上面的函数调用成功,函数将返回一个DirectDrawSurface对象。如果在设定DirectDraw对象的协作层时将其设置为全屏幕模式的话,为了改善图像性能,可以设立一个主平面和若干个屏下缓冲平面,首先在屏下平面中生成图像,然后将图像翻转到主平面上,这样可以有效地避免图像闪烁。 下面通过一个具体的范例来对DirectDraw进行说明:这个范例建立一个全屏幕的DirectDraw对象,通过操作主显示平面的显示内存在屏幕上显示火焰字的特效,然后按Enter键可以将DirectDraw平面中的图形保存起来。程序的具体实现如下: 建立一个新的工程文件,点击菜单中的 Project | Reference 选项,打开Object Library 列表窗口,将DirectX 7.0 For Visual Basic Type Library 加入工程文件。将Form1的Name属性改变为MainForm,在MainForm中加入一个PictureBox控件,将其的Visible属性设置为False。然后在MainForm的代码窗口中加入以下代码: Private Sub Form_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) Dim sRect As RECT Dim hdcSrc As Long If KeyAscii = 27 Then ExitLoop = True 'End ElseIf KeyAscii = vbKeyReturn Then DDSFront.BltToDC Picture1.hDC, sRect, sRect With Picture1 '获得与主显示平面兼容的图形设备句柄 hdcSrc = DDSFront.GetDC '保存图像 Set .Picture = SaveTohBmp(hdcSrc, 0, 0, 640, 480) '释放图形句柄 DDSFront.ReleaseDC hdcSrc SavePicture Picture1, “c:\a.bmp” End With End If End Sub Public Sub Form_Paint() BlitRect.Right = DDSBackDesc.lWidth BlitRect.Bottom = DDSBackDesc.lHeight DDSFront.Blt BlitRect, DDSBack, BlitRect, DDBLT_WAIT End Sub 在工程文件中加入一个Module文件,这个文件中DirectDraw操作做出了定义,在这个Module中加入以下代码: Option Explicit Public DX As New DirectX7 Public DDraw As DirectDraw7 Public DDSFront As DirectDrawSurface7 Public DDSFrontDesc As DDSURFACEDESC2 Public DDSBack As DirectDrawSurface7 Public DDSBackDesc As DDSURFACEDESC2 Public Clipper As DirectDrawClipper Dim Pict() As Byte Dim AlphaRect As RECT Dim X As Long, Y As Long Dim Temp As Long Dim Index As Long Dim Index2 As Long Dim Pos As Long Dim PosPlus1 As Long Dim PosPlus2 As Long Dim PosPlus3 As Long Public Pal(255) As PALETTEENTRY Public Palette As DirectDrawPalette Public BlitRect As RECT Public FullSize As Boolean Public ExitLoop As Boolean Dim Accum As Long Dim Msg(9) As String Dim Counter As Long Dim MsgIndex As Long Dim bDrawText As Boolean Dim lastTime As Long Dim XPos As Long, YPos As Long Dim wait As Long Dim Angle As Single Dim Flag As Boolean Dim Count As Long Dim CurModeActiveStatus As Boolean Dim bRestore As Boolean Dim Mode As Boolean Private Sub Main() InitializeDX '初始化Picture1以获得DirectDraw界面图像 With MainForm.Picture1 .Width = 640 * Screen.TwipsPerPixelX .Height = 480 * Screen.TwipsPerPixelY End With DDSBack.SetForeColor RGB(255, 255, 255) MainForm.Font.Name = “宋体” DDSBack.SetFont MainForm.Font Msg(0) =“一个显示火焰字的演示” Msg(1) =“演示” Msg(2) =“利用VB阵列” Msg(3) =“对显示内存” Msg(4) =“进行直接存取” Msg(5) =“{Esc}键退出” '设置8位的调色板 For Index = 0 To 84 Pal(Index + 1).red = Index * 3 + 3 Pal(Index + 1).green = 0 Pal(Index + 1).blue = 0 Pal(Index + 86).red = 255 Pal(Index + 86).green = Index * 3 + 3 Pal(Index + 86).blue = 0 Pal(Index + 171).red = 255 Pal(Index + 171).green = 255 Pal(Index + 171).blue = Index * 3 + 3 Next Set Palette = DDraw.CreatePalette(DDPCAPS_8BIT _ Or DDPCAPS_ALLOW256, Pal()) DDSFront.SetPalette Palette AlphaRect.Right = DDSBackDesc.lWidth - 1 AlphaRect.Bottom=DDSBackDesc.lHeight- 1 DDSBack.Lock AlphaRect, DDSBackDesc, DDLOCK_WAIT, 0 DDSBack.GetLockedArray Pict() For X = 0 To 639 For Y = 0 To 479 Pict(X, Y) = 0 Next Next 'Corresponding unlock DDSBack.Unlock AlphaRect While Not ExitLoop Mode = ExModeActive bRestore = False Do Until ExModeActive DoEvents bRestore = True Loop DoEvents If bRestore Then bRestore = False DDraw.RestoreAllSurfaces End If DDSBack.Lock AlphaRect, DDSBackDesc, DDLOCK_WAIT, 0 DDSBack.GetLockedArray Pict() For Y = 0 To 479 Pict(0, Y) = 0 Pict(639, Y) = 0 Next For X = 0 To 639 Pict(X, 477) = Rnd * 220 + 35 Pict(X, 478) = Rnd * 220 + 35 Pict(X, 479) = Rnd * 220 + 35 Next Accum = 0 For X = 1 To 638 For Y = 0 To 477 Accum = (Accum + Pict(X, Y + 1) _ + Pict(X, Y + 2) _ + Pict(X + 1, Y + 1) _ + Pict(X - 1, Y + 1)) \ 5 If Accum < 0 Then Accum = 0 ElseIf Accum > 255 Then Accum = 255 End If Pict(X, Y) = Accum Next Next For X = 0 To 639 Pict(X, 0) = 0 Pict(X, 1) = 0 Next X = Rnd * 639 For Y = 50 To 439 Next DDSBack.Unlock AlphaRect If DX.TickCount() - lastTime > wait Then If Counter = 0 Then bDrawText = True Counter = 1 XPos = Rnd * 200 YPos = 300 + Rnd * 140 wait = 400 ElseIf Counter = 1 Then MsgIndex = MsgIndex + 1 If MsgIndex > 5 Then MsgIndex = 0 bDrawText = False Counter = 0 wait = 2000 End If lastTime = DX.TickCount End If If bDrawText Then On Error Resume Next DDSBack.DrawText XPos, YPos, Msg(MsgIndex), False On Error GoTo 0 End If MainForm.Form_Paint Wend TerminateDX End End Sub Function ExModeActive() As Boolean Dim TestCoopRes As Long TestCoopRes = DDraw.TestCooperativeLevel Select Case TestCoopRes Case DDERR_NOEXCLUSIVEMODE ExModeActive = False Case DD_OK ExModeActive = True End Select End Function Public Sub InitializeDX() MainForm.Left = 0 MainForm.Top = 0 MainForm.Height =640 * Screen.TwipsPerPixelY MainForm.Width = 480 * Screen.TwipsPerPixelX MainForm.Show '建立DirectDraw对象 Set DDraw = DX.DirectDrawCreate(“”) '设定DirectDraw对象的协作层 DDraw.SetCooperativeLevel MainForm.hWnd, DDSCL_EXCLUSIVE Or DDSCL_FULLSCREEN ' DDSCL_NORMAL '设定显示模式位640×480×8位颜色 DDraw.SetDisplayMode 640, 480, 8, 0, DDSDM_DEFAULT '设定DDSFrontDesc为主平面 With DDSFrontDesc .lFlags = DDSD_CAPS .ddsCaps.lCaps = DDSCAPS_PRIMARYSURFACE 'Or DDSCAPS_SYSTEMMEMORY End With '设定DDSBackDesc为后台缓冲平面 With DDSBackDesc .ddsCaps.lCaps = DDSCAPS_SYSTEMMEMORY .lFlags = DDSD_CAPS Or DDSD_WIDTH Or DDSD_HEIGHT .lWidth = 640 .lHeight = 480 End With '建立平面 Set DDSFront = DDraw.CreateSurface(DDSFrontDesc) Set DDSBack = DDraw.CreateSurface(DDSBackDesc) Set Clipper = DDraw.CreateClipper(0) Clipper.SetHWnd MainForm.hWnd DDSFront.SetClipper Clipper DDSBack.SetClipper Clipper DoEvents Exit Sub ERRoUT: If Not (DDraw Is Nothing) Then DDraw.RestoreDisplayMode DDraw.SetCooperativeLevel MainForm.hWnd, DDSCL_NORMAL DoEvents End If MsgBox “无法对DirectDraw进行初始化 ”+Chr(13)+“也许你的显示卡不支持 640×480×8 显示模式 ” End End Sub Public Sub TerminateDX() '子程序TerminateDX回复原来的显示模式并且释放所有的DirectDraw有关对象 DDraw.RestoreDisplayMode DDraw.SetCooperativeLevel MainForm.hWnd, DDSCL_NORMAL DoEvents Set Clipper = Nothing Set DDSBack = Nothing Set DDSFront = Nothing Set DDraw = Nothing Set DX = Nothing End Sub 在工程文件中再加入一个Module,这个Module主要定义与图像保存相关的操作,在建立的Module中加入以下代码: Option Explicit Option Base 0 Private Type PALETTEENTRY peRed As Byte peGreen As Byte peBlue As Byte peFlags As Byte End Type Private Type LOGPALETTE palVersion As Integer palNumEntries As Integer palPalEntry(255) As PALETTEENTRY End Type Private Type GUID Data1 As Long Data2 As Integer Data3 As Integer Data4(7) As Byte End Type Private Const RASTERCAPS As Long = 38 Private Const RC_PALETTE As Long = &H100 Private Const SIZEPALETTE As Long = 104 Private Declare Function CreateCompatibleDC Lib “GDI32” (ByVal hDC As Long) As Long Private Declare Function CreateCompatibleBitmap Lib “GDI32” (ByVal hDC As Long, ByVal nWidth As Long, ByVal nHeight As Long) As Long Private Declare Function GetDeviceCaps Lib “GDI32” (ByVal hDC As Long, ByVal iCapabilitiy As Long) As Long Private Declare Function GetSystemPaletteEntries Lib “GDI32” (ByVal hDC As Long, ByVal wStartIndex As Long, ByVal wNumEntries As Long, lpPaletteEntries As PALETTEENTRY) As Long Private Declare Function CreatePalette Lib “GDI32”(lpLogPalette As LOGPALETTE) As Long Private Declare Function SelectObject Lib “GDI32”(ByVal hDC As Long, ByVal hObject As Long) As Long Private Declare Function BitBlt Lib “GDI32”(ByVal hDCDest As Long, ByVal XDest As Long, ByVal YDest As Long, ByVal nWidth As Long, ByVal nHeight As Long, ByVal hdcSrc As Long, ByVal XSrc As Long, ByVal YSrc As Long, ByVal dwRop As Long) As Long Private Declare Function DeleteDC Lib “GDI32”(ByVal hDC As Long) As Long Private Declare Function GetForegroundWindow Lib “USER32” () As Long Private Declare Function SelectPalette Lib “GDI32”(ByVal hDC As Long, ByVal hPalette As Long, ByVal bForceBackground As Long) As Long Private Declare Function RealizePalette Lib “GDI32” (ByVal hDC As Long) As Long Private Declare Function GetWindowDC Lib “USER32” (ByVal hWnd As Long) As Long Private Declare Function GetDC Lib “USER32"(ByVal hWnd As Long) As Long Private Declare Function GetWindowRect Lib “USER32”(ByVal hWnd As Long, lpRect As RECT) As Long Private Declare Function ReleaseDC Lib “USER32”(ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal hDC As Long) As Long Private Declare Function GetDesktopWindow Lib “{USER32"() As Long Private Type PicBmp Size As Long Type As Long hBmp As Long hPal As Long Reserved As Long End Type Private Declare Function OleCreatePictureIndirect Lib “olepro32.dll” (PicDesc As PicBmp, RefIID As GUID, ByVal fPictureOwnsHandle As Long, IPic As IPicture) As Long Public Function SaveTohBmp(ByVal hdcSrc As Long, ByVal LeftSrc As Long, _ ByVal TopSrc As Long, ByVal WidthSrc As Long, ByVal HeightSrc As Long) As Picture Dim hDCMemory As Long Dim hBmp As Long Dim hBmpPrev As Long Dim r As Long Dim hPal As Long Dim hPalPrev As Long Dim RasterCapsScrn As Long Dim HasPaletteScrn As Long Dim PaletteSizeScrn As Long Dim LogPal As LOOGPALETTE '建立一个内存图形设备句柄 hDCMemory=CreateCompatibleDC(hdcSrc) '建立一个bitmap并保存到hDCMemory中 hBmp = CreateCompatibleBitmap(hdcSrc, WidthSrc, HeightSrc) hBmpPrev = SelectObject(hDCMemory, hBmp) RasterCapsScrn = GetDeviceCaps(hdcSrc, RASTE图CAPS) 'rRaste HasPaletteScrn = RasterCapsScrn And RC_PALtTTEic1 ' Palette PaletteSizeScrn = GetDeviceCaps(hdcSrc, SIZEPALETTE) ' Size of If HasPaletteScrn And (PaletteSizeScrn = 256) Then '建立系统调色板的拷贝 LogPal.palVersion = &H300 LogPal.palNumEntries = 256 r = GetSystemPaletteEntries(hdcSrc, 0, 256, LogPal.palPalEntry(0)) hPal = CreatePalette(LogPal) hPalPrev = SelectPalette(hDCMemory, hPal, 0) r = RealizePalette(hDCMemory) End If '将屏幕图形拷贝到内存图形设备句柄中 r = BitBlt(hDCMemory, 0, 0, WidthSrc, HeightSrc, hdcSrc, LeftSrc, TopSrc, vbSrcCopy) hBmp = SelectObject(hDCMemory, hBmpPrev) If HasPaletteScrn And (PaletteSizeScrn = 256) Then hPal = SelectPalette(hDCMemory, hPalPrev, 0) End If '释放图形设备句柄 r = DeleteDC(hDCMemory) Debug.Print r '调用CreateBitmapPicture函数从指定的bitmap对象和调色板中建立一个picture对象 Set SaveTohBmp = CreateBitmapPicture(hBmp, hPal) End Function Public Function CreateBitmapPicture(ByVal hBmp As Long, ByVal hPal As Long) As Picture Dim r As Long Dim Pic As PicBmp Dim IPic As IPicture Dim IID_IDispatch As GUID '填充IDispatch界面 With IID_IDispatch .Data1 = &H20400 .Data4(0) = &HC0 .Data4(7) = &H46 End With '填充Pic结构 With Pic .Size = Len(Pic) ' Length of structure. .Type = vbPicTypeBitmap ' Type of Picture (bitmap). .hBmp = hBmp ' Handle to bitmap. .hPal = hPal ' Handle to palette (may be null). End With '建立Picture对象 r = OleCreatePictureIndirect(Pic, IID_IDispatch, 1, IPic) '返回Picture对象 Set CreateBitmapPicture = IPic End Function 运行程序,在屏幕上会出现一些火焰字的特效,按Enter键可以将屏幕保存到“c:\a.bmp”中,按Esc键退出程序回到Windows。 在上面的程序中,程序首先建立一个DirectDraw对象,然后设置该对象的协作层为全屏协作模式,接下来设置显示模式为640×480×8位颜色,建立一个前台DirectDrawSurface对象和一个后台缓冲DirectDrawSurface对象,建立和设置DirectDrawClipper对象。 在主程序段中,程序首先对前台绘图平面的调色板(DirectDrawPalette )对象进行操作以改变显示的文字的颜色,然后对后台缓冲绘图平面进行字节操作,以产生文字弥散的效果,然后再将后台缓冲绘图平面翻转到前台。当用户按下Enter键之后,程序获得与前台绘图平面相兼容的图形设备句柄,然后再调用Windows API函数将绘图平面内存中的内容保存到Windows位图文件中。 上面粗略地介绍了DirectX7 SDK的新特性以及初步的DirectDraw编程,希望对大家能有所帮助。以上的程序在Windows98、VB6.0下运行通过。 |